Limited by the property of charge-coupled device (CCD), the recording optical path of in-line digital holography is commonly used to take full advantage of the CCD sampling space, which is in order to improve the performance of digital holographic measurement. But the reconstructed image of in-line digital holography is overlapped by the direct wave and the conjugate image, which is hard to be separated. To achieve the real-time high-resolution measurement of in-line digital holography, the dual-CCD single-exposure cepstrum phase-shifting in-line digital holography is put forward, which is based on the single phase-shifting cepstrum technology. Then two key technical schemes of this technology, including the method of adjusting dual-CCD′s mirroring overlapping position and the optical structure of dual-CCD single-exposure π/2 phase-shifting, are given. Finally, the experimental results show that, the dual-CCD single-exposure cepstrum phase-shifting in-line digital holography can solve the overlapping problem well. Moreover, the real-time recording and reconstruction of in-line digital holography are initially realized.