Microcapsules, as a new type of material, have attracted extensive attention due to their designability, easy dispersion in the matrix, ability to prolong the durability of the core material, and self-healing intelligence. This review provided a detailed introduction to the design and preparation of self-healing microcapsules, and summarized the physical and chemical repair mechanisms of microcapsules. The research progress on self-healing microcapsules in concrete was represented. The challenges and future development directions of microcapsules in core-shell preparation, cement-matrix relationship, and repair effect evaluation were analyzed. This review could provide a reference for the future production and application of microcapsules in concrete.