Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast detection speed, and real-time analysis and is widely used in medical, biological, food safety, environmental monitoring and other fields. Currently, the detection methods of SERS signals of sample molecules mainly include single-point and long-range detection. The repeatability of the single-point detection method is easily affected due to the uneven distribution of sample molecules and the limited detection range of the laser spot. In order to make up for the deficiency of single-point detection, the long-range detection of Raman signals based on optical waveguides and optical fiber has been studied extensively in recent years. This paper summarizes the research progress of long-range detection of SERS signals in recent years and analyzes current long-range detection methods challenges and future development trends of current long-range methods. Firstly, this paper introduces the basic principles of single-point detection and long-range detection. On this basis, the research progress of long-range detection of SERS signals based on optical fiber is introduced. The long-range detection methods of SERS signals based on optical fiber include hollow fiber and solid fiber. The long-range detection method of SERS signals based on hollow optical fiber uses hollow optical fiber as the composite channel for liquid transport and signal transmission, which has an effective detection distance of centimeter order and high sensitivity. However, the detection method is difficult to inject, and the molecules of the sample to be measured in the composite channel are not easy to clean thoroughly; The long-range detection method of SERS signals based on solid fiber usually uses physical or chemical means to process the inherent structure of the solid fiber, and the detection distance is generally in the order of micrometers to millimeters, which is relatively difficult to manufacture. Then, the research status of long-range detection of SERS signals based on optical waveguides is summarized. The long-range detection of SERS signals based on liquid-core optical waveguides combines microfluidics with SERS, which can effectively increase the contact area between sample molecules and SERS “hot spots” and improve its detection sensitivity. This method can reach the level of single-molecule detection, but there are difficulties in preparing enhanced media in microchannels. Most of the long-range detection of SERS signals based on solid-state optical waveguides is currently in the theoretical analysis stage, and the long-range detection structure of SERS is often studied and analyzed through simulation software to explore its process mechanism. Finally, the research progress on the long-range detection of SERS signals is summarized and prospected, and feasible research suggestions are put forward to provide a reference for the related research on the long-range detection of SERS signals.