The anti-thermal insulation structures are widely used in engineering, and their health status is very important to structural safety. In order to monitor the health status of thermal insulation bonded structure, a method for damage identification and monitoring of thermal adhesive structures based on distributed optical fiber sensors is proposed in this paper. First of all, the process of the damaged specimens under bending load is numerical simulated by the finite element method. The strain trend of the de-bonding and cracked specimens is determined by the simulated strain results, which can be used as the classification foundation to determine the structure failure. The experiment on the specimens with de-bonding and crack defects is carried out to identify and locate the damage location. The search results show that the de-bonding and crack damage can be judged according to the strain trend of the structure under loading, so as to realize the structure health monitoring.