In this study, the laser deposited AlSi10Mg alloys are formed under different cooling conditions to investigate the effect of the substrate cooling condition on the deposition qualities and properties. Further, we analyze the temperature variation during the forming process, morphologies, microstructures, and tensile properties of the formed specimens using the temperature testing systems, an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and a universal material testing machine, respectively. The results denote that the deposition efficiency increases and the defect rate decreases when a reasonable substrate cooling temperature is considered. The deposition layer structure can be significantly altered when the cooling conditions are changed. In addition, the dendrite space of the deposition specimen is observed to decrease. The tensile strength and yield strength of the specimens fabricated under the cooling condition are improved by approximately 4% and 7%, respectively, when compared with those of the specimens fabricated without applying any cooling conditions. Furthermore, the fracture mode of the specimens is ductile fracture.