Supercapacitors, distinguished by their unique advantages, including high power performance, stable cycling behavior, and excellent safety, emerge as highly promising energy storage devices in the fields of new energy vehicles and mobile electronic applications. However, the issue of relatively low energy density continues to constrain their practical applications. To enhance electrochemical activity, CoS nanosheets were deposited onto ZnCo₂O₄-ZnO microspheres coated with carbon (ZCO-ZO@C@CoS) using a facile solvothermal method, calcination treatment, and electrochemical deposition reaction. Carbon layer not only promoted electron transport to enhance electrical conductivity, but also improved the stability of the structure. The open network space formed between CoS nanosheets facilitated rapid ion transport. Additionally, CoS nanosheets possessed abundant electroactive sites, enabling rapid reversible redox reactions. The co-effect of nanowires of the core-shell structure, the carbon layer, and the outer nanosheets effectively enhanced the overall electrochemical performance. Consequently, ZCO-ZO@C@CoS exhibited a specific capacitance of 1944 F·g^-1 (972.0 C·g^-1) at 1.5 A·g^-1, with an initial capacity retention of 75% after 10000 cycles at high current density of 20 A·g^-1. The asymmetric supercapacitor device, comprising ZCO-ZO@C@CoS (positive electrode) and activated carbon (negative electrode), also demonstrated excellent specific capacitance, high-rate performance, and exceptional cycling stability, indicating significant potential for practical applications.