At present, it is highly subjective for pathologists to identify breast cancer cells in pathological cut images of breast cancer under microscope field of view by naked eyes. Therefore, we design a microscopic image based breast cancer cell recognition system, which includes microscopic image acquisition module and breast cancer cell recognition algorithm implementation module. Through USAF 1951 resolution test board, the microscopic image acquisition module of designed breast cancer recognition system is verified, and the final imaging resolution can reach 2.19 μm. In addition, the designed breast cancer cell recognition algorithm is verified by multiple sets of breast cancer pathological images, and the results show that the average accuracy of the designed breast cancer cell recognition system reaches 93.4%.