Underwater imaging technology has great research value in the field of underwater target detection and recognition, but the traditional underwater polarization imaging method often cannot meet the imaging quality and real-time performance simultaneously. In order to solve the problems of large amount of data and long processing time caused by traditional underwater polarization descattering imaging, a fast and real-time descattering and sharpness polarization imaging method for underwater targets is proposed. This method makes use of the difference between the polarization degree of the background light and the polarization degree of the target light, which is used to obtain the background scattered light area adaptively and quickly. At the same time, it continues the assumption that the overall polarization degree of the target is consistent. By adjusting the dynamic range of the image gray level, the weighted histogram homogenization method is used to weight the gray levels of different frequencies, so as to obtain an image that is more in line with the visual effect of human eyes. Experimental results show that the fast underwater polarization descattering technology can improve the imaging quality and effectively increase the processing speed, so it has a good application prospect in underwater work.