The effect of structure period number on the transmission quality of one-dimensional photonic crystal with single-and double-barrier quantum well is studied with the transfer matrix method. The result shows that the transmission peaks of the photonic crystal with both single-barrier and double-barrier quantum well turn narrower with increase of the period number of well layer. So to speak, quality factors increase under this circumstance and the one of photonic crystal with double-barrier quantum well increases faster. Transmission peaks rapidly sharpen when the period number of barrier layer becomes greater. That is to say, quality factors rise quickly and the one of photonic crystal with double barrier quantum well rises fastest. The effect of the periodicity of barrier layer on the transmission quality is obviously stronger than the one of well layer. When the periodicity of barrier layer keeps increasing and reaches a certain value, the quality factor of transmission peaks at the double barrier well tends to be infinity. In other words, the transmission peaks become sharp to a certain frequency. These characteristics provide guidance for designing new quantum devices such as optical filter of high quality.