With the development of optoelectronic technologies, low-light imaging and its application under low illumination conditions have become one of the research hotspots in recent years. For the meteorological and marine environment satellites of quantitative remote sensing, the research on radiometric calibration and data application of low-light imagers has also received widespread attention. This paper takes the most representative low-light imager load VIIRS/DNB in the world as an example, and systematically illustrates the research progress on the sensor absolute radiation calibration and data application in the meteorological and marine environment under different moon phases at night, in order to provide useful information for scientific research and practical engineering applications.