Based on the strategic needs of ecological civilization, high-quality development and national governance in a New Era, and the analyses on the development trends of natural resources management at home and abroad, the guiding ideology, basic ideas, theoretical system, basic principles and target system of natural resources governance in China's New Era have been systematically analyzed. And China's framework of natural resources governance system in the New Era, including investigation and assessment, statistics monitoring and accounting, development and utilization, protection and repair, reserve management, market transaction, security early warning and international cooperation subsystems, are comprehensively analyzed and illustrated. The institutional systems of natural resources governance with Chinese characteristics are analyzed and depicted as the following institutions: institutions for justice and fairness of resources allocation; institutions for property rights of resources; institutions for efficient and intensive utilization of resources; institutions for payment of resources utilization; institutions for protection and conservation of resources; institutions for market transaction of resources; institutions for statistics and accounting of resources; institutions for multi-subject reserve of resources; institutions for international cooperation of resources, and institutions for supervision of resources governance. The conclusions and views of the study are of great reference value to improving the capacity and level of China's natural resources governance in the New Era.