A fast atmospheric correction method is used to eliminate the effects of the atmosphere on electromagnetic wave transmission. Aerosol retrieval and atmospheric correction look-up tables are constructed based on the atmospheric radiation transmission model. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is derived by the dark target algorithm. The atmospheric correction parameters are calculated by the pixels. Using the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) data on a new polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite, we analyze the difference of vegetation reflectance and water reflectance, and the change of normalized difference vegetation index before and after atmospheric correction. In addition, the results of the fast atmospheric correction are also verified by the measured spectral data and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS）surface albedo data. The verified results show that the spectral curve of ground object after the atmospheric correction is closer to the measured spectral curve. Compared with MODIS surface reflectance products, the fast atmospheric correction is of high accuracy, and the error is less than ±0.04, so it has more quantitative applications of remote sensing data.