The measurement technology based on optical fiber sensor network owns the advantages of multiple measurement points, fast measurement, anti-electromagnetic interference, intrinsic safe, etc., which shows a wide application prospect in aerospace, electric power, civil engineering and other fields. The application progress of optical fiber sensing technology in aerospace field is reviewed, where several key technologies in aircraft applications, e.g.the preparation of optical fiber sensors and distributed optical fiber measurement technologies, are emphatically analyzed. As the monitoring object, the thermal protection material is integrated with the high-density weak-reflection optical fiber Bragg grating sensor, and an optical frequency domain reflection system has been built to obtain the millimeter spatial resolution under the condition of single-side heating. The development suggestions of the distributed optical fiber sensing system with high spatial resolution have also been provided to meet the needs of aerospace applications.