NPP of cropland was estimated based on MODIS data and VPM model between 2000 and 2015 in the Jianghan Plain. The spatial autocorrelation and Sen trend methods were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of cropland NPP in the study area during the 16 years. The results show that: (1) The average annual NPP of cropland in the plain increased from 2000 to 2005, decreased from 2005 to 2009, and increased from 2009 to 2015. The annual total of cropland NPP was stable from 2000 to 2015. (2) The proportions of high, medium and low yield fields were 66.03%, 27.04% and 6.93%, respectively. NPP had a strong spatial aggregation from 2000 to 2015, which showed an increasing trend year by year, and its aggregation decreased with the increase of spatial distance. The NPP is characterized by high-high aggregation and low-low aggregation in the Jianghan Plain. (3) No significant change was found in 69.5% of cropland NPP, with 1.30% of cropland NPP rising significantly and 29.20% of cropland NPP decreasing significantly in the Jianghan Plain.