X-ray detection technologies have played a crucial role in the fields of medical radiography, non-destructive inspection, high-energy physics research, etc.^[1–3]. At present, the X-ray detectors are mainly based on semiconductors and scintillators^[4,5]. The semiconductors are extremely sensitive to X-rays and can directly convert X-ray photons into electrons that are collected and read out by an electric circuit. The practical uses of semiconductors, however, are susceptible to electronic interference and sensitivity to temperature. In the case of scintillator-based detectors, X-rays are first converted into visible light by the scintillator [known as radioluminescence (RL)], and then the ultraviolet (UV) or visible light is read out by a photodiode, CCD camera, or photomultiplier tube (PMT). In many cases, the radiation environment is extremely harsh and difficult to access as a result of high temperature, hazardous chemicals, electromagnetic interference, and strong radiation effects—all urgently ask for flexible and remote detection^[6,7].